Negation, expressivism, and intentionality

Many think that expressivists have a special problem with negation. I disagree. For if there is a problem with negation, I argue, it is a problem shared by those who accept some plausible claims about the nature of intentionality. Whether there is any special problem for expressivists turns, I will argue, on whether facts about what truth-conditions beliefs have can explain facts about basic inferential relations among those beliefs. And I will suggest that the answer to this last question is, on most plausible attempts at solving the problem of intentionality, ‘no’

Conceptual evaluation: epistemic

On a view implicitly endorsed by many, a concept is epistemically better than another if and because it does a better job at ‘carving at the joints', or if the property corresponding to it is ‘more natural' than the one corresponding to another. This chapter offers an argument against this seemingly plausible thought, starting from three key observations about the way we use and evaluate concepts from en epistemic perspective: that we look for concepts that play a role in explanations of things that cry out for explanation; that we evaluate not only ‘empirical' concepts, but also mathematical and perhaps moral concepts from an epistemic perspective; and that there is much more complexity to the concept/property relation than the natural thought seems to presuppose. These observations, it is argued, rule out giving a theory of conceptual evaluation that is a corollary of a metaphysical ranking of the relevant properties. conceptual ethics, explanation, naturalness, epistemic value, concept/property, semantic internalis

Good Questions

Pérez Carballo adopts an epistemic utility theory picture of epistemic norms where epistemic utility functions measure the value of degrees of belief, and rationality consists in maximizing expected epistemic utility. Within this framework he seeks to show that we can make sense of the intuitive idea that some true beliefs—say true beliefs about botany—are more valuable than other true beliefs—say true beliefs about the precise number of plants in North Dakota. To do so, however, Pérez Carballo argues that we must think of the value of epistemic states as consisting in more than simply accuracy. This sheds light on which questions it is most epistemically valuable to pursue

New Boundary Lines

Intellectual progress involves forming a more accurate picture of the world. But it also figuring out which concepts to use for theorizing about the world. Bayesian epistemology has had much to say about the former aspect of our cognitive lives, but little if at all about the latter. I outline a framework for formulating questions about conceptual change in a broadly Bayesian framework. By enriching the resources of Epistemic Utility Theory with a more expansive conception of epistemic value, I offer a picture of our cognitive economy on which adopting new conceptual tools can sometimes be epistemically rational

Rationality without representation

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-109).This dissertation is about whether and how non-representational attitudes could play a role in our theories of rationality. In Chapter 1 ('Negation, expressivism, and intentionality') I argue that the best explanation for why two mental states are inconsistent need not presuppose that such states are representational-that they have, in the jargon, truth-conditions. I use this to provide a solution to the 'negation problem' for metaethical expressivism. In Chapter 2 ('Structuring logical space') I sketch an account of mathematical practice along non-representational lines. I show how it can do justice to the applicability of mathematics, and propose ways in which one's epistemic goals can impose substantial constraints on which mathematical theories to accept. Chapter 3 ('Good questions') provides a general account of the way in which rationality constrains changes in our hypothesis space. In particular, I show how some such changes can be better than others by placing the discussion within a general framework of rational dynamics, on which rational epistemic change involves maximizing expected epistemic utility.by Alejandro Perez Carballo.Ph.D

Downwards Propriety in Epistemic Utility Theory

Epistemic Utility Theory is often identified with the project of *axiology-first epistemology*—the project of vindicating norms of epistemic rationality purely in terms of epistemic value. One of the central goals of axiology-first epistemology is to provide a justification of the central norm of Bayesian epistemology, Probabilism. The first part of this paper presents a new challenge to axiology first epistemology: I argue that in order to justify Probabilism in purely axiological terms, proponents of axiology first epistemology need to justify a claim about epistemic value—what I label ‘Downwards Propriety’—much stronger than any they have offered justification. The second part of this paper offers an argument that this challenge cannot be met: that there is no hope for providing a purely axiological justification of Downwards Propriety, at least given widely accepted assumptions about epistemic value

Aplicación de estrategias didácticas inclusivas por parte del docente en el proceso de formación académica y su incidencia en el desarrollo de competencias personales y sociales en los estudiantes universitarios con discapacidad durante el año 2020

Las estrategias didácticas inclusivas por parte del docente se han vuelto una de las formas más eficaces para optimizar las practicas pedagógicas, permitiendo que el docente pueda acercarse a cada uno de sus estudiantes atendiendo sus necesidades, de esta forma lograr el desarrollo de las competencias sociales y personales. En consecución de este planteamiento se desarrolló una investigación que permitió conocer cada una de estas estrategias, bajo un método de análisis documental, es decir un proceso que parte de la selección de diferentes fuentes de información relacionadas al tema de investigación del cual se realizó dicho análisis, partiendo de sus fundamentos científicos y analíticos. Por lo tanto se retoma la importancia de llevar a cabo una educación inclusiva, que garantice logros educativos e institucionales, además del desarrollo de las competencias básicas que conlleva la educación, permitiendo mejorar la enseñanza de las instituciones educativas, al mismo tiempo se identifican diferentes estrategias didácticas inclusivas virtuales las cuales permiten elevar su uso y efectividad al momento de adoptar tecnología y virtualización, siendo así una excelente opción ante la situación de la pandemia actual de Covid-19, teniéndola oportunidad de llevar a cabo una educación inclusiva, innovadora y de calidad, mediante la utilización delos recursos tecnológicos que permitan que la población estudiantil pueda tener una formación integral y exitosa, no importando el tipo de discapacidad que este tenga. Logrando así establecer un enfoque de atención a la diversidad demostrando el papel importante que tiene el docente para la atención de personas con discapacida

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a critical narrative review

Background: Nearly two decades have passed since a paradoxical reaction in the orofacial region to some bone modifying agents and other drugs was recognized, namely medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Purpose: The aim of this manuscript was to critically review published data on MRONJ to provide an update on key terminology, concepts, and current trends in terms of prevention and diagnosis. In addition, our objective was to examine and evaluate the therapeutic options available for MRONJ. Methods: The authors perused the most relevant literature relating to MRONJ through a search in textbooks and published articles included in several databases for the years 2003–2021. Results and conclusions: A comprehensive update of the current understanding of these matters was elaborated, addressing these topics and identifying relevant gaps of knowledge. This review describes our updated view of the previous thematic blocks, highlights our current clinical directions, and emphasizes controversial aspects and barriers that may lead to extending the accumulating body of evidence related to this severe treatment sequela

Quantitative proteomics in medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a proof-of-concept study

Objective: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a paradoxical effect associated with bone-modifying agents (BMAs) and other drugs. Currently, no valuable diagnostic or prognosis biomarkers exist. The goal of this research was to study MRONJ-related salivary proteome. Materials and Methods: This case–control aimed to study salivary proteome in MRONJ versus control groups (i) formed from BMAs consumers and (ii) healthy individuals to unravel biomarkers. Thirty-eight samples of unstimulated whole saliva (18 MRONJ patients, 10 BMA consumers, and 10 healthy controls) were collected. Proteomic analysis by SWATH-MS coupled with bioinformatics analysis was executed. Results A total of 586 proteins were identified, 175 proteins showed significant differences among MRONJ versus controls. SWATH-MS revealed differentially expressed proteins among three groups, which have never been isolated. These proteins had distinct roles including cell envelope organization, positive regulation of vesicle fusion, positive regulation of receptor binding, or regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Integrative analysis prioritized 3 proteins (MMP9, AACT, and HBD). Under receiver-operating characteristic analysis, this panel discriminated MRONJ with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 78.9%. Conclusion: These findings may inform a novel biomarker panel for MRONJ prediction or diagnosis. Nonetheless, further research is needed to validate this panelS

Cryptogenic organizational pneumonia

Paciente masculino de 74 años de edad, con antecedentes patológicos personales de obesidad, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus y bloqueo de rama izquierda del haz de His. Comenzó con disnea y tos seca que no mejoró con el tratamiento impuesto por el médico de familia. Acudió al Cardiocentro “Ernesto Che Guevara” -se le realizaron complementarios: hemoglobina (cifras bajas), creatinina y acido úrico (elevados)-, desde donde fue remitido al Cuerpo de Guardia del Hospital “Arnaldo Milián Castro”: se le auscultaron crepitantes bibasales en el aparato respiratorio, soplo sistólico II/VI en focos aórticos y pulmonar y edema de miembros inferiores; una radiografía de torax arrojó moteado algodonoso en ambas  bases pulmonares y un  ecocardiograma signos de hipertensión pulmonar severa. Fue ingresado con diagnósticos de enfermedad renal crónica por nefropatía diabética e hipertensión arterial; evolucionó mal, no respondió a los tratamientos y falleció por insuficiencia respiratoria a los 18 días de admitido. Los hallazgos en la necropsia permitieron el diagnóstico de cor pulmonale crónico descompensado en paciente que padece hipertensión pulmonar severa por neumonía organizativa criptógena como causa básica de muerte.Male patient of 74 years old, with personal pathological histories of obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and left branch block of the bundle of His. He began with dyspnea and dry cough that did not improve with the treatment imposed by the family doctor. He went to the Cardiocentro “Ernesto Che Guevara” and carried out complementary tests: hemoglobin (low figures), creatinine and uric acid (elevated), from where he was referred to “Arnaldo Milián Castro” Hospital Guardhouse: bibasal crackles were heard in the respiratory system, systolic murmur II/VI in aortic and pulmonary focus and edema of the lower limbs; a chest x-ray showed cottony speckling on both lung bases and an echocardiogram signs of severe pulmonary hypertension. He was admitted with diagnoses of chronic kidney disease due to diabetic nephropathy and arterial hypertension; he evolved poorly, he did not respond to the treatments and died of respiratory failure 18 days after admission. The findings at necropsy allowed the diagnosis of decompensated chronic cor pulmonale in a patient suffering from severe pulmonary hypertension due to cryptogenic organizing pneumonia as a basic cause of death